Authors may request to withdraw their manuscript at any stage before formal acceptance. Such requests are generally granted without prejudice. Authors should contact the editorial office if they decide to withdraw.

Once accepted or published online (including Online First), withdrawal is generally not permitted unless serious ethical, legal, or scientific concerns arise. Requests for post-acceptance withdrawal must be submitted in writing by the corresponding author, stating clear reasons. Such requests are subject to editorial review and approval by the Editor-in-Chief. Approved withdrawals are announced with a notice linked to the original submission.

Corrections are issued when minor errors are identified in a published article that affect its clarity, accuracy, or metadata, but do not invalidate the overall findings. Examples include typographical errors, incorrect author affiliations, missing acknowledgments, or minor data labeling mistakes.

A correction notice is published separately, linked to the original article, and the online version is updated with a clear correction statement.

Retractions are issued when there is clear evidence of serious flaws or misconduct, including but not limited to data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, duplicate publication, unethical research practices, or violation of publication ethics.

Retractions may be initiated by authors, editors, institutions, or third parties. All cases are reviewed by the Editor-in-Chief and, when necessary, the Editorial Board or external experts. Once decided, a retraction notice is published separately, linked to the original article. The original article remains online, prominently marked as "Retracted" with a watermark and explanation to preserve the scholarly record.

When a potential issue is raised regarding a published article that requires further investigation but no final conclusion has been reached, the journal may issue an Expression of Concern. This serves to alert readers while maintaining neutrality during the inquiry.

Upon completion of the investigation, the Expression of Concern may be followed by a correction, retraction, or confirmation that no further action is needed.