South Asian Immigrant Women’s Cultural Hybridization in Canada: A Postcolonial Feminist Intersectional Framework
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.66815/ejecs/2633Keywords:
Cultural hybridization, adaptation, South Asian immigrant , women, postcolonial feminist intersectional frameworkAbstract
Research on migration often presents adaptation to Western societies as a linear and uniform process, drawing mostly on Berry’s acculturation model. This framework, however, tends to overlook immigrants lived experiences, particularly the gendered and socio-cultural contexts that shape women’s migration journeys. Women’s experiences should influence immigration policies and resettlement practices. In practice, such policies derive from androcentric perspectives. In this paper, we report on a qualitative study that explored pre- and post-migration experiences of 10 South Asian immigrant women in Canada, with a focus on how they negotiated cultural expectations and constructed hybrid identities during the resettlement and adaptation process. An integrated, postcolonial feminist intersectional framework, informed by theories of intersectionality and cultural hybridity, guided the analysis. Data were collected through in-depth individual interviews. The findings show that participants encountered intersecting structural and representational barriers, including family kinship systems, gendered cultural expectations, and limited access to resources such as childcare. At the same time, women actively exercised agency by selectively drawing on both heritage and host cultural norms to form hybrid identities. The study highlights the fluid and context-specific nature of adaptation in the host country and findings challenge generalized assumptions that immigrant women share uniform experiences. By incorporating pre-migration histories and post-migration negotiations, this research contributes to a globally relevant understanding of immigrant women’s adaptation from a postcolonial feminist intersectional perspective. Importantly, findings contribute to the body of female immigrant perspectives to inform immigration policy and resettlement practices.
Downloads
References
Abraham, J. (2017). Hindu and Muslim veiling in North India: Beyond the public/private dichotomy. In A. Almila & D. Inglis (Eds.), The Routledge international handbook to veils and veiling practices (pp. 246–254). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315613734 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315613734
Ahmad, M., & Wilkins, S. (2025). Purposive sampling in qualitative research: A framework for the entire journey. Quality & Quantity, 59, 1461–1479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-024-02022-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-024-02022-5
Ahmed, G. (2021). South Asian immigrant women conceptualizing gender roles in the context of family and society in southwestern Ontario. [Doctoral Dissertation, Brock university]. Brock University digital Repository. http://hdl.handle.net/10464/15112
Ahmed, S. K. (2024). The pillars of trustworthiness in qualitative research. Journal of Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health, 2, Article 100051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glmedi.2024.100051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glmedi.2024.100051
Ambesange, P. (2016). Postcolonialism: Edward Said and Gayatri Spivak. Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 5(8), 47–50. https://www.isca.me/rjrs/archive/v5/i8/9.ISCA-RJRS-2016-051.pdf
Amoako, J., MacEachen, E., Dodd, W., & Lopez, K. (2024). “It is not just about my work, my identities count”: The influence of intersectional identities on the employment experiences of Black African immigrant women in Ontario, Canada. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 25(1), 421–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-023-01087-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-023-01087-9
Ansion, M., & Merali, N. (2018). Latino immigrant parents’ experiences raising young children in the absence of extended family networks in Canada: Implications for counselling. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 31(4), 408–427. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2017.1324760 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2017.1324760
Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The dialogic imagination: Four essays (Vol. 1). University of Texas Press.
Bergeron, S., & Marchand, M. H. (2019). Rethinking the equation between voice and power in household bargaining and global household models. In L. P. Jane & P. Swati (Eds.), Rethinking silence, voice and agency in contested gendered terrains (pp. 16–26). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315180458-4
Berry, J. W. (2005). Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29(6), 697–712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.07.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.07.013
Berry, J. (2017). Acculturation, models of. In The sage encyclopedia of abnormal and clinical psychology (Vol. 7, pp. 13-17). SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483365817.n12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483365817.n12
Bhabha, H. K. (2012). The location of culture (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203820551 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203820551
Bhandari, N. B. (2022). Homi K. Bhabha’s third space theory and cultural identity today: A critical review. Prithvi Academic Journal, 5(1), 171–181. https://doi.org/10.3126/paj.v5i1.45049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/paj.v5i1.45049
Bhatia, S. (2020). Decolonizing psychology: Power, citizenship and identity. Psychoanalysis, Self and Context, 15(3), 257–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 24720038.2020.1772266 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/24720038.2020.1772266
Bhopal, K. (2019). South Asian women within households: Dowries, degradation and despair. Women’s Studies International Forum, 20(4), 483–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-5395(97)00037-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-5395(97)00037-X
Bloomberg, L. D., & Volpe, M. (2018). Completing your qualitative dissertation: A road map from beginning to end. SAGE.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. SAGE. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781036232078.n9
Carastathis, A. (2014). The concept of intersectionality in feminist theory. Philosophy Compass, 9(5), 304–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12129 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12129
Caulfield, J. (2023). How to do thematic analysis: Step-by-step guide & examples. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/thematic-analysis/
Cheung, D. (2014). Changing gender: Gender role, class and the experience of Chinese female immigrants [Doctoral dissertation, City University of New York]. CUNY Academic Works. https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/25/
Chitnis, V., & Wright, D. (2007). Legacy of colonialism: Law and women’s rights in India. Washington & Lee Law Review, 64, 1315–1348. https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/facultypub/174/
Collins, P. H. (2019). Intersectionality as critical inquiry. In A. A. Naples (Ed.), Intersectionality as critical social theory (pp. 21–53). Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781478007098-003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478007098-002
Crawford, J., Lundy, T., Crawford, C., Moore, J., Viscek, N., & Kapisavanhu, N. (2024). The experience of social exclusion and the path to inclusion from the perspectives of immigrant and refugee women in the Niagara region. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22010012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22010012
Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2022). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (6th ed.). SAGE.
Employment and Social Development Canada. (2025). Evaluation of the Foreign Credential Recognition Program, 2025. https://tinyurl.com/t6yhbt28
Fakhari, N., Pimental, M., & Mcisaac, J. L. D. (2025). Early learning and child care for immigrant families and children: A pan-Canadian jurisdictional scan of settlement agencies. International Journal of Child, Youth And Family Studies, 16(4), 76–79. https://doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs164202522589 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs164202522589
Farooq, M. B., & de Villiers, C. (2017). Telephonic qualitative research interviews: When to consider them and how to do them. Meditari Accountancy Research, 25(2), 291–316. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEDAR-10-2016-0083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MEDAR-10-2016-0083
Finet, A., Kristoforidis, K., & Laznicka, J. (2026). Behavioral Insights from a Three-Day Trading Simulation: Emotions, Financial Strategy Adaptation, and Competition. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 10(3), 54-74. https://doi.org/10.66815/ajqr/18483 DOI: https://doi.org/10.66815/ajqr/18483
Gandhi, L. (2019). Postcolonial theory: A critical introduction. Columbia University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003116714
Gatt, S., Hazibar, K., Sauermann, V., Preglau, M., & Ralser, M. (2016). Migration from a gender-critical, postcolonial and interdisciplinary perspective. Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 41(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11614-016-0236-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11614-016-0236-4
Gajjala, R., Basu, M., & Faniyi, O. (2026). Digital activisms and intersectionality in context. Feminist Encounters: A Journal of Critical Studies in Culture and Politics, 10(1), 0. https://doi.org/10.20897/femenc/17903 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20897/femenc/17903
Gordon, M. M. (1964). Assimilation in American life: The role of race, religion, and national origins. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3510186
Government of Canada (2023). Foreign Credential Recognition Program. Foreign Credential Recognition Program - Canada.ca
Gramsci, A. (2021). Subaltern social groups: A critical edition of prison notebook 25 (J. A. Buttigieg & M. E. Green, Trans). Columbia University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7312/gram19038
Guba, E. G. (1981). Criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of naturalistic inquiries. Educational Communication and Technology, 29(2), 75–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02766777 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02766777
Gulzar, H. (2025). A qualitative study exploring the lived experiences of Afghan women’s migration to the UK [Doctoral dissertation, University of Hertfordshire]. UH Research Archive. https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/id/eprint/26023/
Gurer, C. (2019). Refugee Perspectives on Integration in Germany. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 3(2), 52-70. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/6433 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/6433
Hamada, I., & Wakamatsu, R. (2025). Conflict narratives: Post-3/11 Japanese migration to Australia and life afterwards. In I. Hamada, T. Hamano, & Y. Shiobara (Eds.), Japanese Migrations to Australia (pp. 93–110). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003582830-7
Hirschman, C. (2016). Gender, the status of women, and family structure in Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies, 53(1), 33–50. https://mjes.um.edu.my/index.php/MJES/article/view/2778
Husain, H. (2019). Why are South Asian immigrant women vulnerable to domestic violence? Inquiries Journal, 11(12). http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=1777
Hutchings, K. (2019). Foreword. In L. P. Jane & P. Swati (Eds.), Rethinking silence, voice and agency in contested gendered terrains (pp. xii–xv). Routledge.
Izaguirre, L., Bastia, T., Walsham, M., & Cortés, P. P. (2025). Neglected intersections: A view from the South. Comparative Migration Studies, 13(45). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-025-00456-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-025-00456-w
Jamal, A., Ku, J., & Khan, M. (Eds.). (2025). South Asian feminisms in diaspora: Critical perspectives from Canada. University of Alberta Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781772128468
Karki, K. K. (2026). Deskilling and labour market barriers among skilled racialized immigrants in British Columbia: A mixed-methods study. Comparative Migration Studies, 14, Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-025-00504-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-025-00504-5
Karmi, G. N., & Salar, O. U. (2024). Hybridity and cultural duality in E.M Forster’s character Dr. Aziz: A post-colonial analysis. Sprin Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(3), 59–64. https://doi.org/10.55559/sjahss.v3i3.269 DOI: https://doi.org/10.55559/sjahss.v3i3.269
Katz, N. (2026). Digital inequality in context: A socio-technical analysis of Arab students' remote learning in Israel. Asia Pacific Journal of Education and Society, 14(1), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.20897/apjes/17975 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20897/apjes/17975
Kerner, I. (2017). Relations of difference: Power and inequality in intersectional and postcolonial feminist theories. Current Sociology, 65(6), 846–866. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392116665152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392116665152
Khan, F. (2022). Relocating the veil: The everyday lives of young hijabi Britons under ideological culturalism. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 45(16), 501–522. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2022.2105656 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2022.2105656
Kunst, J. R. (2025). Redefining the mainstream: A review and meta-analysis of the evolving dynamics of majority-group acculturation. European Review of Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2025.2492506 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/h6w34_v1
Laubenthal, B. (2023). Introduction: Assimilation, integration or transnationalism? An overview of theories of migrant incorporation. International Migration, 61(1), 84–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.13118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.13118
Li, B. J. (2025). An intentional hybridity towards Modus Vivendi: The Chinese translation of The Admirable Crichton. Asia Pacific Translation and Intercultural Studies, 12(1), 24–38. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/23306343.2025.2495492 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23306343.2025.2495492
Lim, W. M. (2025). What is qualitative research? An overview and guidelines. Australasian Marketing Journal, 33(2), 199-229.
https://doi.org/10.1177/14413582241264619 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14413582241264619
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. SAGE. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(85)90062-8
Lutz, H. (2010). Gender in the migratory process. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(10), 1647–1663. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2010.489373 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2010.489373
Mahmood, S. (2006). Feminist theory, agency, and the liberatory subject: Some reflections on the Islamic revival in Egypt. Temenos-Nordic Journal for the Study of Religion, 42(1). https://doi.org/10.33356/temenos.4633 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33356/temenos.4633
Maitland, S. (2019). Hybridity. In M. Baker & G. Saldanha (Eds.), Routledge encyclopedia of translation studies (3rd ed., pp. 246–252). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315678627-53
McLean, K. C., Fish, J., Rogers, L. O., & Syed, M. (2024). Integrating systems of power and privilege in the study of resilience. American Psychologist, 79(8), 999–1011. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0001260 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0001260
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2015). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). Wiley.
Mohanty, C. T. (2023). Under western eyes: Feminist scholarship and colonial discourses. In M. G. Durham & D. M. Douglas (Eds.), Media and cultural studies (pp. 396–421). Routledge.
Moslund, S. P. (2024). Cultural hybridity and migration: From extraordinary states of in-betweenness to everyday phenomenon. In G. Adair, R. Fasselt, & C. McLaughlin (Eds.), The Routledge companion to migration literature (pp. 23–34). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003270409-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003270409-3
Naz, N., Gulab, F., & Aslam, M. (2022). Development of qualitative semi-structured interview guide for case study research. Competitive Social Sciences Research Journal, 3(2), 42–52. https://cssrjournal.com/index.php/cssrjournal/article/view/170
Okeke-Ihejirika, P., Punjani, N. S., & Salami, B. (2022). African immigrant’s women experiences on extended family relations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), Article 8487. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148487 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148487
Ortiz, F. (1995). Cuban counterpoint: Tobacco and sugar (H. de Onís, Trans.). Duke University Press.
Ortiz, F. (2019). “Transculturation” and Cuba (H. de Onis, Trans.). In A. Chomsky, B. Carr, A. Prieto, & P. M. Smorkaloff (Eds.), The Cuba reader (pp. 25–26). Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11smxrz.10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11smxrz.10
Panicacci, A. (2022). Exploring identity across language and culture: The psychological, emotional, linguistic, and cultural changes following migration. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003017417
Park, S. M. (2025). Qualitative research methods in ethnic communities: A framework for studying language and cultural preservation. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 12(3), 34–52. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/2185 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/2185
Pessar, P. (2005). Women, gender, and international migration across and beyond the Americas: Inequalities and limited empowerment. UN Population Division.
Phan, M. B., Banerjee, R., Deacon, L., & Taraky, H. (2015). Family dynamics and the integration of professional immigrants in Canada. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 41(13), 2061–2080. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2015.1045461 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2015.1045461
Piccinelli, E., Vauclair, C. M., & Madeira, F. (2025). Contextualizing the manifestation of gendered colonialist microaggressions: A qualitative study on post-colonial migration experiences among immigrant women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 49(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843241286822 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843241286822
Rani, M., Shaheen, S., Ismail, M., & Rafiq, M. (2025). Echoes of empire: Tracing colonial legacies and subaltern struggles in contemporary marginalization through A Passage to India. Social Science Review Archives, 3(3), 1477–1484. https://doi.org/10.70670/sra.v3i3.975 DOI: https://doi.org/10.70670/sra.v3i3.975
Roberts, R. (2020). Qualitative interview questions: Guidance for novice researchers. The Qualitative Report, 25(9), 3185–3203. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2020.4640 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2020.4640
Saarijärvi, M., & Bratt, E. L. (2021). When face-to-face interviews are not possible: Tips and tricks for video, telephone, online chat, and email interviews in qualitative research. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 20(4), 392–396. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjcn/zvab038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjcn/zvab038
Said, E. (1978). Orientalism. Vintage Books.
Sasse, S. (2022). Hybridity. In M. Mrugalski, S. Schahadat, & I. Wutsdorff (Eds.), Central and Eastern European literary theory and the West (pp. 907–911). De Gruyter. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110400304-049
Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Unger, J. B., Salas-Wright, C., Cobb, C., Maldonado-Molina, M. M., Cano, M. Á., Duque, M., & Szapocznik, J. (2025). A program of research on culture, identity, and migration: Identity, acculturation, cultural stress, and crisis migration. In M. J. Gelfand, C.-Y. Chiu, & Y.-y. Hong (Eds.), Handbook of advances in culture and psychology (pp. 214–283). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780197801901.003.0005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/9780197801901.003.0005
Singh, R. S., Bhambhani, Y., Skinta, M. D., & Torres-Harding, S. R. (2021). Measurement of intersectional microaggressions: Conceptual barriers and recommendations. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(5), 956–971. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691621991855 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691621991855
Smit, J., Chisari, L. B., Kouns, M., Øyehaug, A. B., Savelsbergh, E., & Hajer, M. (2023). Inclusive STEM teaching from a language perspective: Teacher learning in a professional development program. European Journal of STEM Education, 8(1), 07. https://doi.org/10.20897/ejsteme/13643 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20897/ejsteme/13643
Spivak, G. C. (1988). Can the subaltern speak? In C. Nelson & L. Grossberg (Eds.), Marxism and the interpretation of culture (pp. 271–313). University of Illinois Press.
Tarlo, E. (2010). Visibly Muslim: fashion, politics, faith. Berg. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2752/9781847888624
Thornberg, R., & Charmaz, K. (2014). Grounded theory and theoretical coding. In U. Flick (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative data analysis (pp. 153–169). SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446282243.n11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446282243.n11
Tonsing, J. C., & Tonsing, K. N. (2019). Understanding the role of patriarchal ideology in intimate partner violence among South Asian women in Hong Kong. International Social Work, 62(1), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872817712566 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872817712566
Tyagi, R. (2014). Understanding postcolonial feminism in relation with postcolonial and feminist theories. International Journal of Language and Linguistics, 1(2), 45–50. https://ijllnet.thebrpi.org/journal/index/2141
Umar, A. D., & Lawan, N. (2024). Critical review of postcolonial theory of Homi Bhabha’s hybridity: A study of “The Location of Culture.” Middle East Research Journal of Linguistics and Literature, 4(1), 15–19. https://doi.org/10.36348/merjll.2024.v04i01.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36348/merjll.2024.v04i01.003
Van Ngo, H. (2008). A critical examination of acculturation theories. Critical Social Work, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.22329/csw.v9i1.5762 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22329/csw.v9i1.5762
Voicu, C. (2011). Crossing borders of hybridity beyond marginality and identity. University of Bucharest Review, 1(1), 171–193. https://ubr.rev.unibuc.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/CristinaVoicu.pdf
Wang, L., Liu, R., Wang, Z., Zheng, Y., Ye, Z., & Tao, J. (2025). Cultural hybridity and ideological shifts: Shaping the campus space of modern Chinese universities. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-05781-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-05781-0
Ward, C., Ng Tseung-Wong, C., Szabo, A., Qumseya, T., & Bhowon, U. (2018). Hybrid and alternating identity styles as strategies for managing multicultural identities. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49(9), 1402–1439. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022118782641 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022118782641
Young, R. J. (2020). Postcolonialism: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198856832.001.0001
Zhao, H. (2024). Navigating identity: The intersectional and postcolonial feminist perspective on immigrant women’s dilemmas. SHS Web of Conferences, 183. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202418302006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202418302006
Zhu, Y. (2016). Immigration policy, settlement service, and immigrant mothers in neoliberal Canada: A feminist analysis. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 48(2), 143–156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/ces.2016.0017
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Ghazala Ahmed, Kamini Jaipal-Jamani
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
