Cultural Encounters and Tourism Loyalty: Testing a Cognitive Dissonance Model in Guangxi, China

Xiaoping Qin; Nitipon Putachote; Junaidi Junaidi

doi:10.66815/ejecs/3020

Authors

Xiaoping Qin Rajamangala University of Technology Krungthep https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5725-4974
Nitipon Putachote Rajamangala University of Technology Krungthep https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0172-6335
Junaidi Junaidi Universitas Muhammadiyah Palopo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1450-1933

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.66815/ejecs/3020

Keywords:

Tourists, Intercultural Communication, marketing strategies, personal culture experience, Satisfaction

Abstract

This study examines the influence of tourists' intercultural communication, tourism destination marketing methods, and visitors' individual cultural experiences on tourist satisfaction and loyalty in the Guangxi region of China. A total of 593 valid visitors completed questionnaires to engage in the study, and researchers utilized structural equation modeling (SEM) to evaluate the research hypotheses. The results indicate that travelers' intercultural contact, efficient marketing tactics for tourism destinations, and individual cultural experiences substantially improve visitor pleasure. Furthermore, tourist satisfaction significantly mediates the impact of intercultural communication, marketing methods, and individual cultural experiences on visitor loyalty. This underscores the interdependence of these aspects and stresses the necessity of crafting a whole experience for visitors. The findings highlight the importance of cultivating internal psychological resources, including cultural knowledge and flexibility, to enhance the institutional support techniques offered by tourist stakeholders. This study also makes a substantial contribution toward expanding cognitive dissonance theory. It has pragmatic consequences for governmental and tourist enterprises seeking to improve the experiences of both domestic and foreign travelers. As the tourism sector evolves, comprehending these dynamics will be crucial for formulating successful marketing strategies that appeal to varied tourist demographics, assuring sustained growth and competitiveness in the global tourism market.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

👁 Abstract Views: 883📥 PDF Downloads: 59

Author Biographies

Xiaoping Qin, Rajamangala University of Technology Krungthep

is Ph.D student at Department of Management Science, Institute of Science Innovation and Innovation, Rajamangala University of Technology Krungthep. He is a lecturer and hold Bachelaor and master’s degree from University in China. Her research on tourism and entrepreneur.

Nitipon Putachote, Rajamangala University of Technology Krungthep

is Senior Lecturer in Department of Management Science, Institute of Science Innovation and Innovation, Rajamangala University of Technology Krungthep. She is a lecturer and hold Bachelaor and master’s degree from Thailand University. She has published some articles and chapters in cross-cultural, intercultural and education with various colleagues.

Junaidi Junaidi, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palopo

is a senior lecturer in Department of Education and Society, Institute of Science Innovation and Innovation, Rajamangala University of Technology Krungthep. He also senior lecturer in Department of Accounting and director of research and society service Universitas Muhammadiyah Palopo. He holds Bachelor in STIE Muhammadiyah Palopo and Master of Accounting in Economic and Business Faculty, Islamic University of Indonesia which major in Islamic accounting and finance. PhD in Business Administration from the National Dong Hwa University, ROC Taiwan. His research interests include Business and education cross-cultural and cognitive psychology with various colleagues.

References

Alamineh, G. A., Hussein, J. W., Mulu, Y. E., & Taddesse, B. (2023). The negative cultural impact of tourism and its implication on sustainable development in Amhara Regional State. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2023.2224597 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2023.2224597

Batra, R., & Keller, K. L. (2016). Integrating Marketing Communications: New Findings, New Lessons, and New Ideas. Journal of Marketing, 80(6), 122-145. https://doi.org/10.1509/jm.15.0419 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1509/jm.15.0419

Butler, R. (2024). Tourism destination development: the tourism area life cycle model. Tourism Geographies, 27(3-4), 599–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2024.2325932 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2024.2325932

Campbell, C., Sands, S., McFerran, B., & Mavrommatis, A. (2025). Diversity representation in advertising. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 53, 588–616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-023-00994-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-023-00994-8

Chandra, S., Verma, S., Lim, W.M., Kumar, S., & Donthu, N. (2022). Personalization in personalized marketing: Trends and ways forward. Psychology & Marketing, 39(8), 1529-1562. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21670 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21670

Cheng, Z.; Chen, X. (2022). The Effect of Tourism Experience on Tourists’ Environmentally Responsible Behavior at Cultural Heritage Sites: The Mediating Role of Cultural Attachment. Sustainability, 14, 565. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su14010565 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010565

China Guangxi. (2023). Guangxi records 112.8% growth in visitor numbers during May Day holiday. Guangxi records 112.8% growth in visitor numbers during May Day holiday (Accessed on July, 25th 2025)

Collie, R. J. (2020). Social and emotional competence: advancing understanding of what, for whom, and when. Educational Psychology, 40(6), 663–665. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2020.1775936 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2020.1775936

Dalle, J., Raisinghani, M. S., Putra, A. P., Suriansyah, A., Hadi, S., & Sahara, B. (2021). A technology acceptance case of Indonesian senior school teachers: Effect of facilitating learning environment and learning through experimentation. International Journal of Online Pedagogy and Course Design, 11(4), 45–60. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJOPCD.2021100104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/IJOPCD.2021100104

Ding, C., Zhang, R., & Wu, X. (2023). The impact of product diversity and distribution networks on consumption expansion. Journal of Business Research, 161, 113833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113833 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113833

Dlakavu, S. (2026). Feminist solidarity against sexual violence: A political biography of the one in nine campaign. Feminist Encounters: A Journal of Critical Studies in Culture and Politics, 10(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.20897/femenc/18270 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20897/femenc/18270

Ersoy, M., Akçaoğlu, M.Ö. (2025). The interplay between social support, acculturative stress, perceived stress and generalized anxiety among international students. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-025-07798-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-025-07798-9

Feraco, T., Sella, E., Meneghetti, C., & Cona, G. (2023). Adapt, Explore, or Keep Going? The Role of Adaptability, Curiosity, and Perseverance in a Network of Study-Related Factors and Scholastic Success. Journal of Intelligence, 11(2), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11020034 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11020034

Gaonkar, S., & Sukthankar, S.V. (2025). Measuring and evaluating the influence of cultural sustainability indicators on sustainable cultural tourism development: Scale development and validation. Heliyon, 11(4), e42514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42514 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42514

Gato, M., Dias, Á, Pereira, L., da Costa, R.L., & Gonçalves, R. (2022). Marketing Communication and Creative Tourism: An Analysis of the Local Destination Management Organization. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 8(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8010040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8010040

González-Reverté, F., Corrons, A., & Gomis-López, J.M. (2025). Exploring the role of memorable tourism experiences and place attachment in the revisit intention of tourists staying in short-term rentals. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 8(11), 79–99. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-05-2024-0451 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-05-2024-0451

Goo, J., Huang, C.D., Yoo, C.W., & Koo, C. (2022). Smart Tourism Technologies’ Ambidexterity: Balancing Tourist’s Worries and Novelty Seeking for Travel Satisfaction. Information Systems Frontiers, 24, 2139–2158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-021-10233-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-021-10233-6

Hair Jr, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2019), Multivariate Data Analysis 8th edition, Cengage Learning EMEA, Hampshire: UK

Han, Y. H., Sears, G. J., Darr, W., & Wang, Y. (2022). Facilitating Cross-Cultural Adaptation: A Meta-Analytic Review of Dispositional Predictors of Expatriate Adjustment. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 53(9), 1054–1096. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220221221109559 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00220221221109559

Hayes AF. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-based Approach (2nd), New York, NY: Guilford Press. 2018.

Hinojosa, A. S., Gardner, W. L., Walker, H. J., Cogliser, C., & Gullifor, D. (2016). A Review of Cognitive Dissonance Theory in Management Research: Opportunities for Further Development. Journal of Management, 43(1), 170-199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316668236 (Original work published 2017) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316668236

Ho, P.T., Ho, M.T., & Huang, M.L. (2024). Understanding the impact of tourist behavior change on travel agencies in developing countries: Strategies for enhancing the tourist experience. Acta Psychologica, 249, 104463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104463 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104463

Huang, P.-E. J., Wang, K. T., & Kang, M. S. (2024). Adjustment and campus friendliness for international students studying in the United States. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 102, 102044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2024.102044 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2024.102044

Jia, S., Mohd Isa, M.H., & Azis, Z. A. (2023). Spatial characteristics of defensive traditional architecture in multiethnic village of Guangxi: Case studies of Mozhuang Village and Guxietun Village. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 12(4), 683-699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2023.05.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2023.05.003

Jiang, Z., Jiang, X., Jin, Y., & Tan, L. (2024). A study on participatory experiences in cultural and tourism commercial spaces. Heliyon, 10(2), e24632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24632 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24632

Jin, X., Omar, A., & Fu, K. (2024). Factors Influencing Purchase Intention toward Recycled Apparel: Evidence from China. Sustainability, 16(9), 3633. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093633 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093633

Junaidi, J., Anwar, S. M., Sahrir, S., Ath-Thaariq, M., Rosdiana, S., & Imran, M .P. (2025). The role of religious social capital on students entrepreneurial motivation: A self- determinant theory perspective. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1108/JEPP-08-2024-0126 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEPP-08-2024-0126

Khan, M., Ahmad, M., Alidjonovich, R. D., Bakhritdinovich, K. M., Turobjonovna, K. M., & Odilovich, I. J. (2025). The impact of cultural factors on digital marketing strategies with Machine learning and honey bee Algorithm (HBA). Cogent Business & Management, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2025.2486590 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2025.2486590

Kotler, P., & Keller, K.L. (2016). A framework for Marketing Management 6th Edition. Pearson Edition Limited: Edinburgh Gate, England

Lee, A. P. (2023). Cultural intelligence as a predictor of organizational outcome. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 23(2), 299-316. https://doi.org/10.1177/14705958231187473 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14705958231187473

Li, Y., & Jiang, S. (2025). A study on the influencing factors of tourists’ travel intentions: a configurational analysis based on fsQCA. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 8(11), 124–141. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-07-2024-0660 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-07-2024-0660

Liao, Y.K., Wu, W.Y., Dao, T.C., & Luu, T.M.N. (2021). The influence of emotional intelligence and cultural adaptability on cross‐cultural adjustment and performance with the mediating effect of cross‐cultural competence: a study of expatriates in Taiwan. Sustainability, 13(6), 3374. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU13063374 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063374

Liu, S., Huang, X., Bin, Z., Yu, B., Lu, Z., Hu, R., & Long, C. (2023). Wild edible plants and their cultural significance among the Zhuang ethnic group in Fangchenggang, Guangxi, China. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 19, 52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-023-00623-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-023-00623-2

Liu, Y., Hultman, M., Eisingerich, A.B., Wei, X. (2020). How does brand loyalty interact with tourism destination? Exploring the effect of brand loyalty on place attachment. Annals of Tourism Research, 81, 102879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102879 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102879

Lohana, S., Imran, M., Harouache, A., Sadia, A., & Ur Rehman, Z. (2023). Impact of environment, culture, and sports tourism on the economy: a mediation-moderation model. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 36(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2023.2222306 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2023.2222306

Kanwel, S., Lingqiang, Z., Asif, M., Hwang, J., Hussain, A., & Jameel, A. (2019). The Influence of Destination Image on Tourist Loyalty and Intention to to Visit: Testing a Multiple Mediation Approach. Sustainability, 11(22), 6401. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226401 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226401

Koc, E., & Ayyildiz, A. Y. (2021). Culture’s Influence on the Design and Delivery of the Marketing Mix Elements in Tourism and Hospitality. Sustainability, 13(21), 11630. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111630 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111630

Latifah, l., Setiawan, d., Aryani, Y.A., & Rahmawati, R. (2021). Business strategy – MSMEs' performance relationship: innovation and accounting information system as mediators. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 28(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-04-2019-0116 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-04-2019-0116

Li, H., & Sheng, D. (2025). Impact of Chinese Heritage, Cultural Protection, and Green Innovation on Tourism Development. Sustainability, 17(9), 4107. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17094107 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su17094107

Li, Y., Guo, Z., Hua, H., & Li, W. (2024). An empirical analysis of cultural differences in overseas tourism: How do they affect self-determination theory (SDT) needs by age? International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 99, 101936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2024.101936 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2024.101936

Liu, Y. (2023). Revitalizing interculturality in education: Chinese Minzu as a companion. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 7(1), 226-230. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/12949 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/12949

Lim, T., Thompson, J., Pearson, L., Odgers, J.C., & Beck, B. (2024). Effects of within-trip subjective experiences on travel satisfaction and travel mode choice: A conceptual framework. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 104, 201-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2024.05.024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2024.05.024

Lim, W.M., & Rasul, T. (2022). Customer engagement and social media: Revisiting the past to inform the future. Journal of Business Research, 148, 325-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.04.068 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.04.068

Mahadevan, J., & Steinmann, J. (2023). Cultural intelligence and COVID-induced virtual teams: Towards a conceptual framework for cross-cultural management studies. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 23(2), 317-337. https://doi.org/10.1177/14705958231188621 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14705958231188621

Majeed, S., Kim, W. G., & Ryu, K. (2022). Medical Tourism and Cognitive Dissonance: Exploring Tourist Choice Behavior, Post-Choice Pre-Outcome Regret, and Visit Intention. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 25(3), 514–544. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2022.2135058 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2022.2135058

Małecka, A., & Pfajfar; G. (2025). Conceptualizing consumer resistance in global consumer culture: framework and research agenda. International Marketing Review, 42(7), 1–46. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMR-03-2025-0143 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IMR-03-2025-0143

Meng, W., Pi, H., Xu, T., & Li, L. (2024). Exploring the relationship between regional tourism development and land use efficiency: A case study of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Plos One, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297196 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297196

Nadeem, M.U., & Zabrodskaja, A. (2023). A Comprehensive model of intercultural communication for international students living in culturally diverse societies: Evidence from China. Frontier in Communication, 8, 1332001. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2023.1332001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2023.1332001

Närvänen, E., Kuusela, H., Paavola, H., & Sirola, N. (2020). A meaning-based framework for customer loyalty. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 48(8), 825–843. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-05-2019-0153 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-05-2019-0153

Nipyrakis, A., Stavrou, D., & Avraamidou, L. (2026). Supporting in-service teachers' STEM design practices: A learning community approach. European Journal of STEM Education, 11(1), Article 29. https://doi.org/10.20897/ejsteme/18305 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20897/ejsteme/18305

Nyamekye, M.B., Adam, D.R., Boateng, H., & Kosiba, J.P. (2023). Place attachment and brand loyalty: the moderating role of customer experience in the restaurant setting. International Hospitality Review, 37(1), 48–70. https://doi.org/10.1108/IHR-02-2021-0013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IHR-02-2021-0013

Ortiz, O., Rusu, C., Rusu, V., Matus, N., & Ito, A. (2024). Tourist eXperience Considering Cultural Factors: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability, 16(22), 10042. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162210042 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su162210042

Pai, C., Kang, S., Liu, Y., & Zheng, Y. (2021). An Examination of Revisit Intention Based on Perceived Smart Tourism Technology Experience. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1007. https:// doi.org/10.3390/su13021007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13021007

Papadopoulou, N.M., Ribeiro, M.A., & Prayag, G. (2022). Psychological Determinants of Tourist Satisfaction and Destination Loyalty: The Influence of Perceived Overcrowding and Overtourism. Journal of Travel Research, 62(3), 644-662. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472875221089049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00472875221089049

Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Lee, J.Y., & Podsakoff, N.P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5,) 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879

Qiu, N., Wu, J., Li, H., Pan, C., & Guo, J. (2025). Relationship Between Perceived Authenticity, Place Attachment, and Tourists’ Environmental Behavior in Industrial Heritage. Sustainability, 17(11), 5152. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115152

Rasoolimanesh, S.M., Seyfi, S., Hall, C.M., & Hatamifar, P. (2021). Understanding memorable tourism experiences and behavioural intentions of heritage tourists. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 21, 100621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100621 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100621

Sahabuddin, M., Alam, M.S. & Nekmahmud, M. (2024). How do perceived and environmental values influence tourist satisfaction, loyalty, and environmental awareness?. Environment, Development and Sustainainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-05094-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-05094-3

Sasongko, G., Kameo, D. D., Siwi, V. N., Wahyudi, Y., & Huruta, A. D. (2025). The Effect of Service Quality and Heritage Tourism on Tourist Loyalty: The Case of Borobudur Temple. Heritage, 8(2), 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020077 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020077

Setti, I., Sommovigo, V. & Argentero, P. (2022). Enhancing expatriates’ assignments success: the relationships between cultural intelligence, cross-cultural adaptation and performance. Current Psychology, 41, 4291–4311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00931-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00931-w

Sultan, Y., Dautova, G., & Dalle, J. (2025). Examining the relationship among artificial intelligence literacy, cultural literacy, and intercultural communication proficiency of philology students. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 12(5), 345–362. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/2839 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/2839

Tagiya, M., & Mara, O. (2024). Does tour quality impact tourist satisfaction? Experiences from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Business Analyst Journal, 45(1), 24–40. https://doi.org/10.1108/BAJ-12-2023-0072 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/BAJ-12-2023-0072

Tansen, M. H. (2026). Implementing drama-based pedagogy to enhance learning outcomes in two rural secondary schools of Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Education and Society, 14(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.20897/apjes/18534 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20897/apjes/18534

Vij, M., Vij, A., Kabiraj, S., & Medina-López, A. (2025). Unveiling the Impact of Nature-Based Tourism Marketing: A Phenomenological Analysis of Experiences and Emotional Engagement on Tourist Behaviour in the United Arab Emirates. FIIB Business Review, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/23197145241297426 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/23197145241297426

Wang, L., & Luo, Z. (2025). Destination Marketing Effectiveness: The Matching Effect Between Destination Logos and Advertising Persuasion Tactics. Journal of Travel Research, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/00472875251353493 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00472875251353493

Wang, X., She, S., & Junaidi, J. (2026). The Impact of School SupportonInternational Students Cross-Cultural Adaptability, Psychological Resilience and Satisfaction. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 13(3), 252-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/2989 DOI: https://doi.org/10.66815/ejecs/2989

Wang, Z., Udomwong, P., Fu, J., & Onpium, P. (2024). Destination image analysis and marketing strategies in emerging panda tourism: a cross-cultural perspective. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2364837 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2364837

Wilopo, W., & Nuralam, I. P. (2024). An investigating the influence of social media marketing activities on revisit intention among Indonesian international tourists. Cogent Business & Management, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2440626 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2440626

Xi, W., Baymuminova, N., Zhang, Y.-W., & Xu, S.-N. (2022). Cognitive Dissonance and Public Compliance, and Their Impact on Business Performance in Hotel Industry. Sustainability, 14(22), 14907. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214907 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214907

Xu, X., Liu, J., & Cai, R. (2022). How do customers navigate perceived inappropriateness of collective emotion in group service recovery? An application of cognitive dissonance theory. Tourism Management, 93, 104615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104615 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104615

Yang, Y., Lin, Y., Qiu, C., Chen, Y., Fan, S., Chen, Z., & Ma, Y. (2025). Will tourism cultural experience affect tourist citizenship behaviors? A case of the “Village Basketball League” in Taijiang County, Guizhou Province. Plos One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0326613 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0326613

Yang, P., Liu, Y., Xiong, R., Run, P., & Junaidi, J. (2026). The emotional impact of cultural tourism: tourist cultural attributes and delight. Tourism Recreation Research, 51(2), 387–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2025.2493165 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2025.2493165

Zhang, P., & Cao, K. (2023). Understanding the Uncivilized Tourism Behavior of Tourists: A Planned Behavior Model Based on the Perspectives of Cognitive Dissonance and Neutralization. Sustainability, 15(5), 4691. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054691 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054691

Zhou, M., & Yu, H. (2022). Exploring How Tourist Engagement Affects Destination Loyalty: The Intermediary Role of Value and Satisfaction. Sustainability, 14(3), 1621. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031621 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031621