The Impacts of Tourism on Cultural Identity on Lisbon Historic Neighbourhoods
Abstract views: 2543 / PDF downloads: 1827
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/516Keywords:
cultural identity, gentrification, multiculturalism, tourism, touristification.Abstract
In the past last decades tourism was long perceived as a solution to remediate to economic crisis and recessions, while the impacts were secondary and weren’t qualified. Focusing of the consequences of tourism development, the identities of historic urban areas were constantly been neglected as essential features and symbols of their attractiveness. However, long before tourism, modifications of cities spatial structures and social geography were conducted by governments as strategies to repopulate certain urban areas abandoned for historical or economic reasons. For instance, through gentrification, urban rehabilitation or revitalisation, the urban structures became more appealing and attracted investments that strengthen local economies. Nevertheless, these transformations have dismantled cultural patterns and were amplified by touristification. This investigation deals with gentrification and urban rehabilitation as precursors of tourism growth and how it influences a neighbourhood’s cultural identity. Using a historic touristic destination as an example gave leverage to the understanding of the repercussions. Lisbon historic neighbourhoods; Alfama, Mouraria and Bairro Alto, influenced our understanding with the active participation of the residents as co-contributors of this research. Findings confronted our pre-existing understandings on tourism growth to the impacts generated on cultural identity.
Downloads
References
Andereck, K., Valentine, K., Knopf, R., & Vogt, C. (2005). Residents’ perceptions of community tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(4), 1056-1076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2005.03.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2005.03.001
Andriyani, AAD , Djatmika, Sumarlam & Rahayu, E.T. (2019). Learning from Face-Threatening Acts by Tourism Workers in Bali: The Impacts of Cross-Cultural Misunderstanding. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 10(3), 64-81. Retrieved from https://jsser.org/index.php/jsser/article/view/1053/387
Anuar, A., Ridzuan, F., Jaini, N., Sulaiman, F., & Hashim, I. (2019). The impact of overtourism towards local community in Heritage City. Journal of Tourism & Hospitality, 8(3), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.35248/2167-0269.19.8.406 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35248/2167-0269.19.8.406
Barata-Salguiero, T., Mendes, L., & Guimaraes, P. (2017). Tourism and urban changes – Lessons from Lisbon. In M. Gravari-Barbas & S. Guinand, Tourism and gentrification in contemporary metropolises (pp. 255-270). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315629759-11
Baumhackl, H. (2019). Peru "Land of the Incas". A tourism destination on the rise. Tourism & Hospitality Management, 7(2), 95-116. https://doi.org/10.15640/jthm.v7n2a10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15640/jthm.v7n2a10
Beckett, G. H., & Kobayashi, M. (2020). A Meta-study of an Ethnographic Research in a Multicultural and Multilingual Community: Negotiations, Resources, and Dilemmas. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 4(1), 85-106. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/8267 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/8267
Belabas, W., Eshuis, J., & Scholten, P. (2020). Re-imagining the city: Branding migration-related diversity. European Planning Studies, 28(7), 1315-1332. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2019.1701290 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2019.1701290
Bernardo, F., Almeida, J., & Martins, C. (2016). Urban identity and tourism: Different looks, one single place [Proceedings]. Institution of Civil Engineers. Urban Design & Planning, 170(5), 205-216. https://doi.org/10.1680/jurdp.15.00036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/jurdp.15.00036
Bhattacherjee, A. (2012). Social science research: Principles, methods, and practices. Textbooks Collection. .
Butler, T. (2007). For gentrification? Environment & Planning A, 39(1), 162-181. https://doi.org/10.1068/a38472 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1068/a38472
Carothers, D. (2018). A culture of equality?. Journal of Culture and Values in Education, 1(2), 42-57. https://doi.org/10.46303/jcve.01.02.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46303/jcve.01.02.3
Castela, A. (2018). Impacts of tourism in an urban community: The case of Alfama. Athens Journal of Tourism. 5(2), 133-148. https://doi.org/10.30958/ajt.5-2-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30958/ajt.5-2-4
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis. Sage.
Cocola-Gant, A. (2015). Tourism and commercial gentrification. Post-Doctoral Researcher, Centre of Geographical Studies, University of Lisbon. Paper presented at the RC21 International Conference on “The Ideal City: between myth and reality. Representations, policies, contradictions and challenges for tomorrow’s urban life”. https://www.rc21.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/E4-C%C3%B3cola-Gant.pdf
Cocola-Gant, A. (2016). Holiday rentals: The new gentrification battlefront. Sociological Research Online, 21(3), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.4071 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.4071
Cocola-Gant, A. (2018). Tourism Gentrification. In Lees, L. & Phillips, M., Handbook of gentrification studies (pp. 281-293). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Corte-Real, M. (2016). Shaping a territory: Case study-The Moorish Quarter in Lisbon (Mouraria). Public Spaces: Times of Crisis and Change (Research in Urban Sociology, Vol. 15), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 169-189. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1047-004220160000015008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S1047-004220160000015008
Cruz Lopes, A., Rodrigues, E. B., & Vera-Cruz, R. (2019). Tourism Gentrification. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 471(9), 1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/471/9/092025
Dias, Á., González-Rodríguez, M. R., & Patuleia, M. (2020). Developing poor communities through creative tourism. Journal of Tourism & Cultural Change, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2020.1775623 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2020.1775623
Dobbs, R., & Butler, R. (2019). Overtourism: Issues, realities and solutions. De Gruyer Studies in Tourism.
Doǧan, H. Z. (1989). Forms of adjustment. Annals of Tourism Research, 16(2), 216-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(89)90069-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(89)90069-8
Doxey, G. (1975). A causation theory of visitor-resident irritants: methodology and research
Elliott-Cooper, A., Hubbard, P., & Lees, L. (2019). Moving beyond Marcuse: Gentrification, displacement and the violence of un-homing. Progress in Human Geography. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132519830511 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132519830511
European Migration Network. EMN Glossary research: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/networks/european_migration_network/glossary_search_en
Ezzy, D. (2002). Qualitative analysis (p. xii-6). doi.org/10.4324/9781315015484
Fainstein, S. S. (2005). Cities and diversity. Urban Affairs Review, 41(1), 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087405278968 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087405278968
Fincher, R., Iveson, K., Leitner, H., & Preston, V. (2014). Planning in the multicultural city: Celebrating diversity or reinforcing difference? Progress in Planning, 92, 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2013.04.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2013.04.001
Flick, U., Kardoff, E. & Steinke, I. (2004). A Companion to Qualitative Research. Sage Publications.
Foroutani, Y. (2020). Ethnic or Religious Identities?: Multicultural Analysis in Australia from Socio-Demographic Perspective. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 7(1), 1-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/280 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/280
Fuarros, I. S. (2016). Ai, Mouraria!” Music, tourism, and urban renewal in a historic lisbon neighbourhood. MUSICultures, 43(2), 66-88.
Gheasi, M., Nijkamp, P., & Rietveld, P. (2011). Migration and Tourist Flows. Tourism Economics, 111–126. https://doi:10.1007/978-3-7908-2725-5_8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2725-5_8
Glass, R. (1964). Aspects of Change. In Brown-Saracino, J., Gentrification Debates: A Reader (pp. 19-61). Routledge.
Goodwin, H. (2017). The challenge of overtourism [Working Paper 4]. Responsible Tourism Partnership.
Gotham, K. F. (2005). Tourism gentrification: The case of New Orleans’ Vieux Carré (French Quarter). Urban Studies, 42(7), 1099-1121. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980500120881 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980500120881
Gotham, K. F. (2018). Assessing and advancing research on tourism gentrification. OpenEdition Journals, Via Tourism Review. https://doi.org/10.4000/viatourism.2169 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/viatourism.2169
Gravari-Barbas, M., & Guinand, S. (2017). Tourism and Gentrification in Contemporary Metropolises. International Perspectives. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315629759
Grewal, I., Maher, A., Watters, H., Clemens, D., & Webb, K. (2019). Rewriting Teacher Education: Food, Love, and Community. Journal of Culture and Values in Education, 2(3), 44-60. https://doi.org/10.46303/jcve.03.02.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46303/jcve.03.02.3
Grondeau, A., & Pondaven, F. (2018). Le street art, outil de valorisation territoriale et touristique: L’exemple de Galeria Arte Urbana de Lisbonne. EchoGéo, (44). https://doi.org/10.4000/echogeo.15324 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/echogeo.15324
Gu, H., & Ryan, C. (2008). Place attachment, identity and community impacts of tourism—the case of a Beijing hutong. Tourism Management, 29(4), 637–647. https://doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2007.06.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.06.006
Gurer, C. (2019). Refugee Perspectives on Integration in Germany. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 3(2), 52-70. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/6433 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/6433
Johnson, C., & Hinton, H. (2019). Toward a Brillant Diversity. Journal of Culture and Values in Education, 2(1), 56-70. https://doi.org/10.46303/jcve.02.01.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46303/jcve.02.01.5
Jover, J., & Díaz-Parra, I. (2019). Gentrification, transnational gentrification and touristification in Seville, Spain. Urban Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019857585 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019857585
Koens, K., & Postma, A. (2017). Understanding and managing visitor pressure in urban tourism. Centre of Expertise, Leisure, Tourism & Hospitality. Breda University of Applied Sciences.
Koens, K., Postma, A., & Papp, B. (2018). Is overtourism overused? Understanding the impact of tourism in a city context. Sustainability, 10(12), 4384. doi:10.3390/su10124384 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124384
Koh, E., & Fakfare, P. (2019). Overcoming “over-tourism”: The closure of Maya Bay. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 6(2). 279-296. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-02-2019-0023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-02-2019-0023
Krase, J. (2012). Seeing cities change: Local culture and class. City University of New York.
Kuščer, K., & Mihalič, T. (2019). Residents’ attitudes towards overtourism from the perspective of tourism impacts and cooperation-the case of Ljubljana. Sustainability, 11(6), 1823. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061823 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061823
Kymlicka, W. (2012). Multiculturalism: Success, failure, and the future. Canada Research Chair in Political Philosophy, Queens University. Korea Foundation Global Seminar.
Lankford, S. V., & Howard, D. R. (1994). Developing a tourism impact attitude scale. Annals of Tourism Research, 21(1), 121-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(94)90008-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(94)90008-6
LaPaglia, K. (2018). Book Review: Critical pedagogy: Notes from the real world. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 2(2), 150-153.
Lees, L. (2000). A reappraisal of gentrification: Towards a “geography of gentrification.” Progress in Human Geography, 24(3), 389-408. https://doi.org/10.1191/030913200701540483 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/030913200701540483
Lees, L., Slater, T. & Wyly, E. (2013). Gentrification. Routledge. (pp. 3-36). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203940877
Levrau, F., & Loobuyck, P. (2018). Introduction: Mapping the multiculturalism-interculturalism debates. Comparative Migration Studies, 6(13). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-018-0080-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-018-0080-8
Maxwell, R. (2010). Evaluating migrant integration: Political attitudes across generations in Europe. International Migration Review, 44(1), 25-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00797.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00797.x
Mendes, L. (2013). Public policies on urban rehabilitation and their effects on gentrification in Lisbon. Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning.
Milano, C., Novelli, M., & Cheer, J. (2019). Overtourism and tourismophobia: A journey through four decades of tourism development, planning and local concerns. Tourism Planning & Development, 16(4), 353-357. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2019.1599604
Moufakkir, O. (2014). What’s immigration got to do with it? Immigrant animosity and its effects on tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 49, 108-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2014.08.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2014.08.008
Muler Gonzalez, V., Coromina, L., & Galí, N. (2018). Overtourism: Residents’ perceptions of tourism impact as an indicator of resident social carrying capacity - case study of a Spanish heritage town. Tourism Review, 73(3), 277-296. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-08-2017-0138 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-08-2017-0138
Parker, J. (2019). Second language learning and cultural identity. Journal of Curriculum Studies Research, 1(1), 33-42. https://doi.org/10.46303/jcsr.01.01.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46303/jcsr.01.01.3
Pavel, F. (2016). El Bairro Alto en Lisboa entre gentrificacion, turistification y derechos de la poblacion. Contested Cities, Madrid, Spain.
Perkumienė, D., & Pranskūnienė, R. (2019). Overtourism: Between the right to travel and residents’ rights. Sustainability, 11(7), 2138. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11072138 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11072138
Philips, M. (1993). Rural gentrification and the processes of class colonisation. Journal Rural Sturdies. 9(2), 123-140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(93)90026-G
Pizam, A. (1978). Tourism’s impacts: The social costs to the destination community as perceived by its residents. Journal of Travel Research, 16(4), 8-12. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728757801600402 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/004728757801600402
Rath, J. (2007). The transformation of ethnic neighbourhoods into places of leisure and consumption, Working Paper 144. Institute for Migration & Ethnic Studies (IMES), University of Amsterdam.
Rustenbach, E. (2010). Sources of negative attitudes toward immigrants in Europe: A multi-level analysis. International Migration Review, 44(1), 53-77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00798.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00798.x
Safi, M. (2009). Immigrants’ life satisfaction in Europe: Between assimilation and discrimination. European Sociological Review, 26(2), 159-176. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcp013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcp013
Sequera, J., & Nofre, J. (2018). New debates on touristification and the limits of gentrification. Shaken, not stirred. City, 22(5-6), 843-855. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2018.1548819 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2018.1548819
Sequera, J., & Nofre, J. (2019). Touristification, transnational gentrification and urban change in Lisbon: The neighbourhood of Alfama. Urban Studies, 1-21 https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019883734 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019883734
Seraphin, H., Ivanov, S., Dosquet, F., & Bourliataux-Lajoinie, S. (2019). Archetypes of locals in destinations victim of overtourism. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management. https://doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2019.12.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2019.12.001
Smelser, N. & Baltes, P. (2001). International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier.
Smith, A. (2020). Critical Race Theory: Disruption in Teacher Education Pedagogy. Journal of Culture and Values in Education, 3(1), 52-71. https://doi.org/10.46303/jcve.03.01.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46303/jcve.03.01.4
Tarman, B., & Gürel, D. (2017). Awareness of social studies teacher candidates on refugees in Turkey. Journal of Social Studies Research, 41(3), 183-193. 10.1016/j.jssr.2016.11.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssr.2016.11.001
Ujang, N. (2012). Place attachment and continuity of urban place identity. Procedia - Social & Behavioral Sciences, 49, 156-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.07.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.07.014
Vertovec, S., Wessendorf, S. (2004). Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Diversity in Europe: an overview of issues and trends. In Penninx, R., Berger, M. & Kraal, K., The Dynamics of International Migration and Settlement in Europe (pp.171-199). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9789048504176.007
Wachsmuth, D., & Weisler, A. (2018). Airbnb and the rent gap: Gentrification through the sharing economy. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518x18778038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X18778038
Watters, S. M., Ward, C., & Stuart, J. (2020). Does normative multiculturalism foster or threaten social cohesion? International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 75, 82–94. https://doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.02.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.02.001
Yigit, M.F. & Tarman, B. (2013). The Impact of Social Media on Globalization, Democratization Citizenship, Journal of Social Science Education, 12(1), 75-80.
Yin, R. K. (1981). The case study as a serious research strategy. Knowledge, 3(1), 97–114. https://doi.org/10.1177/107554708100300106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/107554708100300106
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
By submitting a manuscript to JECS, authors agree to transfer without charge the following rights to JECS upon acceptance of the manuscript: first worldwide publication rights and the right for JECS to grant permissions as JECS editors judge appropriate for the redistribution of the article, its abstract, and its metadata in professional indexing and reference services. Any revenues from such redistribution are used solely to support the continued publication and distribution of articles.
Accepted 2020-10-18
Published 2020-11-11