Incorporating Verbs in Code-Switching: Insights from The Matrix Language Frame Model: Incorporating verbs in code-switching: Insights from the matrix language frame model

Sami Saad Alghamdi; Nazir Ahmed Malik; Ehab Saleh Alnuzaili; Hamdi Adbel Rasool Eljeam; Abdulbasit A. Alhaj; Asad Ali

doi:10.29333/ejecs/2734

Authors

Sami Saad Alghamdi King Khalid University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2899-429X
Nazir Ahmed Malik The University of Chenab https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0017-2833
Ehab Saleh Alnuzaili King Khalid Univeristy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0600-4470
Hamdi Adbel Rasool Eljeam King Khalid University https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5516-5046
Abdulbasit A. Alhaj King Khalid University https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6782-2314
Asad Ali The University of Chenab https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7398-9583

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/2734

Keywords:

4-M model, hybrid morpheme, code switching, matrix language, features, Incorporation, code-switching, content morphemes, [±θ] features, multilingual

Abstract

This study investigates the incorporation of non-finite verbs in code-switching (CS), employing the Matrix Language Frame (MLF) model as its theoretical framework (Myers-Scotton & Jake, 2014; 2017). Drawing on both naturalistic and elicited data, this study examines how English non-finite verbs resist integration in the matrix language due to their complex selectional properties and morphosyntactic frames. Contrary to the 4-M model’s classification of these verbs as content morphemes, this study identifies them as hybrid morphemes—linguistic items that possess [±θ] features and exhibit both lexical and functional behavior. Based on these findings, this study proposes a refined morpheme categorization within the MLF model, comprising three layers: content, system, and hybrid morphemes. In summary, the study concludes that not all non-finite verbs are equally incorporable and that the MLF model requires revision to accommodate hybrid morphemes. Furthermore, the findings of the study have pedagogical implications for teachers, emphasizing the need to recognize bilingual syntactic patterns, support authentic code-switching practices, and design curricula that reflect the natural linguistic behavior of multilingual learners. These insights offer a valuable understanding of bilingual competence and language development in multilingual communities.

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Author Biographies

Sami Saad Alghamdi, King Khalid University

Sami Saad Alghamdi is working as an Assistant Professor in General Course Department, Applied College, King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia. He has published his research in national and international journals. His areas of interest are applied linguistics, ELT, Structural Equation Modeling, and language teaching. He has guided many undergraduate and graduate students in their research. He will be called through email ID sasaalghamdi@kku.edu.sa.

Nazir Ahmed Malik, The University of Chenab

Nazir Ahmed Malik is chairing the Department of Languages, the University of Chenab, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. He has been guided many MS and PhD students in Pakistan. His research includes syntax, sociolinguistics, bilingualism and linguistics theory. He has developed a ground-breaking theory of No mixed grammar. He is also the reviewer of SAGE journals, Lingua and linguistics approaches on bilingualism. He has published his research on national and international platforms also. He actively participated in countless international conferences as keynote speaker. He will be contacted through email ID malik.nazir@gmail.com.

Ehab Saleh Alnuzaili, King Khalid Univeristy

Ehab Saleh Alnuzaili is working as an Assistant Professor in English Department, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia. His research areas include applied linguistics, ELT, and visual discourse. He has published his research in well-regarded national and international journals. He will be corresponded through email ID ihabsaleh2023@gmail.com.

Hamdi Adbel Rasool Eljeam, King Khalid University

Hamdi Abdel Rasool Eljeam is working as an Assistant Professor in English Department, Applied College, King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia. He has a keen interest in language teaching, semantics, Autism and applied linguistics. He has published his research in many national and international journals. He will be called via email ID heljeam@kku.edu.sa.

Abdulbasit A. Alhaj, King Khalid University

Abdulbasit A. Alhaj is working as an Assistant Professor in English Department, Applied College, King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia. He has a keen interest in language teaching, pragmatics, ELT and applied linguistics. He has published his research in many national and international journals. He will be contacted via email ID bastalnour@gmail.com.

Asad Ali, The University of Chenab

Asad Ali is working as an Assistant Professor in Department of English at the University of Chenab, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. His areas of interest are matrix syntax, neurolinguistics, morphology and computational linguistics. He has been teaching and researching at undergraduate as well as graduate level in the University of Lahore, Pakistan. He has published his research in national and international well-reputed journals. He is a reviewer of many linguistic journals including Sage open, Francis and Taylor. He has an overall index of 8 in 2024 in Pakistan. He will be corresponded via email ID masad7721@gmail.com.

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