Preserving the Naturalness of the Kazakh Language as a National Language: An Ecolinguistic Analysis

Markhaba Auganbayeva; Zhannur Mauytova; Ercan Alkaya; Zhakyp Beisenuly; Gulnar  Mamayeva; Bekzhan Abdualiuly

doi:10.29333/ejecs/2838

Authors

Markhaba Auganbayeva the Department of Practical Kazakh Language, M. Kozybaev North Kazakhstan University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4198-1987
Zhannur Mauytova Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools (NIS) https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9911-1463
Ercan Alkaya Department of Modern Turkish Dialects and Literatures, Firat University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9618-5614
Zhakyp Beisenuly the Department of Kazakh Language and Literature, M.H. Dulaty Taraz University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4999-2090
Gulnar Mamayeva https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3405-6718
Bekzhan Abdualiuly Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of the Department of Kazakh Linguistics at L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1481-8850

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/2838

Keywords:

Kazakh Language, Ecolinguistics, Language Preservation, Language Naturalness, Turkic Languages

Abstract

This study examines efforts to preserve the naturalness and sustainability of the Kazakh language from an ecolinguistic perspective. A systematic review method is employed, analyzing 32 academic publications obtained from designated databases covering the period 2020–2025. The findings indicate that language preservation relies on structural interventions such as national language policies, public prestige, and alphabet reform. Lexical strategies that balance terminology modernization with the preservation of traditional cultural discourse and educational policies that prioritize national identity and standardized norms were also within those structural interventions. The findings reveal that globalization (English) and historical language hierarchies (Russian) have narrowed the language's academic and public functions, and digitalization has presented opportunities and led to normative deviations. Ultimately, the ecological sustainability of the Kazakh language requires a holistic, proactive, and data-driven governance model that integrates policy, education, and digital technology, beyond merely prescriptive or simplistic approaches. This study offers a theoretical synthesis and a practical roadmap for language planners by outlining policy-oriented strategies, education-based interventions, and technology-supported mechanisms for sustaining linguistic naturalness.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Markhaba Auganbayeva, the Department of Practical Kazakh Language, M. Kozybaev North Kazakhstan University

Markhaba Auganbayeva, Senior Lecturer of the Department of Practical Kazakh Language, M. Kozybaev North Kazakhstan University, Petropavlovsk, Republic of Kazakhstan. Her current research interests are cultural studies, social sciences, and humanities.

Zhannur Mauytova, Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools (NIS)

Zhannur Mauytova, Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools (NIS), Natural-Mathematical Direction in Aktau, Republic of Kazakhstan. Her current research interests are cultural studies, social sciences, and humanities.

Ercan Alkaya, Department of Modern Turkish Dialects and Literatures, Firat University

Ercan Alkaya, Professor, Doctor Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Modern Turkish Dialects and Literatures, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey His current research interests are cultural studies, social sciences, and humanities.

Zhakyp Beisenuly, the Department of Kazakh Language and Literature, M.H. Dulaty Taraz University

Zhakyp Beisenuly, PhD, Acting Associate Professor of the Department of Kazakh Language and Literature, M.H. Dulaty Taraz University, Taraz, Republic of Kazakhstan. His current research interests are cultural studies, social sciences, and humanities.

Gulnar Mamayeva

Gulnar Mamayeva, Candidate of Philological Science, Associate Professor of the Department of Kazakh Linguistics, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan. Her current research interests are cultural studies, social sciences, and humanities.

Bekzhan Abdualiuly, Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of the Department of Kazakh Linguistics at L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University

Bekzhan Abdualiuly, Corresponding Author: Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of the Department of Kazakh Linguistics at L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan. His current research interests focus on cultural studies, social sciences, and the humanities.

References

*The marked studies have been included in the systematic review.

*Abasilov, A., & Kapalbek, B. (2024a). Evaluation of changes in the lingual situation in the Kazakhstan lingual policy. Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University Series Physics, 56, 2140–2149. https://doi.org/10.54919/physics/56.2024.214di0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.54919/physics/56.2024.214di0

*Abasilov, A., & Kapalbek, B. (2024b). Linguistic dynamics and language policy in Kazakhstan: Challenges and future prospects. European Journal of Language Policy, 16(2), 155–176. https://doi.org/10.3828/ejlp.2024.9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3828/ejlp.2024.9

*Abdurazakova, G., Kussainov, D., & Mussabekova, G. (2022). Reflection of problems of national and cultural identity of Kazakhs in modern literature. Adam Alemi, 93(3), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.48010/2022.3/1999-5849.01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.48010/2022.3/1999-5849.01

*Agbo, S. A., Pak, N., Akbarov, A., Madiyeva, G., & Saurykov, Y. (2025). Global competitiveness myths and ideals: English language policy in universities in Kazakhstan. International Journal of Educational Reform, 34(3), 515–542. https://doi.org/10.1177/10567879221137572 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10567879221137572

Aitim, A. K., & Satybaldiyeva, R. Zh. (2024). A systematic review of existing tools to automated processıng systems for Kazakh language. Bulletın Series of Physics & Mathematical Sciences, 87(3). https://doi.org/10.51889/2959-5894.2024.87.3.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.51889/2959-5894.2024.87.3.009

*Akhmed-Zaki, D., Mansurova, M., Madiyeva, G., Kadyrbek, N., & Kyrgyzbayeva, M. (2021). Development of the information system for the Kazakh language preprocessing. Cogent Engineering, 8(1), 1896418. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2021.1896418 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2021.1896418

*Akzhigitova, A. Sh., Tlepbergen, D. N., & Aubakir, S. S. (2023). Language planning in the process of linguistic landscape transformation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Bulletin of Toraighyrov University. Philology Series, 4, 80–91. https://doi.org/10.48081/WFES7422 DOI: https://doi.org/10.48081/WFES7422

*Aldasheva, K. (2023). Kazakhization and purism: Results of assessing lexical innovations on the method of subjective scaling. Eurasian Journal of Philology: Science and Education, 192(4). https://doi.org/10.26577/EJPh.2023.v192.i4.ph1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26577/EJPh.2023.v192.i4.ph1

*Anarbekova, U. (2025). Kazakh orthography: A study on the normative forms of "Kyrkuiek/Kyrguiek". Bulletin of Shokan Ualikhanov Kokshetau University Philological Series, 2, 22–35. https://doi.org/10.59102/kufil/2025/iss2pp22-35 DOI: https://doi.org/10.59102/kufil/2025/iss2pp22-35

Auganbaeva, M. S., Alkaia, E., & Mamaeva, G. B. (2024). Jastar slengterіndegі anglicizmder [Аnglicisms in youth slang]. Iasaui Universitetiniñ Habarshysy, 131(1), 188–202. https://doi.org/10.47526/2024-1/2664-0686.16 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47526/2024-1/2664-0686.16

*Anarbekova, U., & Salkynbay, A. (2024). Kazakh grammatology: А. Baitursynuly's legacy in national writing and literacy. Bulletin of Toraighyrov University. Philology Series, 4, 91–104. https://doi.org/10.48081/LGIN2079 DOI: https://doi.org/10.48081/LGIN2079

Bakishev, D., & Plumlee, M. (2022). Kazakhstan, Ukraine, and Russia: linguistic aspects of the current regional war and implications for translators. INContext: Studies in Translation and Interculturalism, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.54754/incontext.v2i3.31 DOI: https://doi.org/10.54754/incontext.v2i3.31

Balcı, Ö., & Sünbül, A. (2015). Students' opinions on the activities based on learning styles in English foreign language reading classes. SDU International Journal of Educational Studies, 2(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.33710/sduijes.223861

Barmenkulova, A. S., Zhanabekova, A. A., & Mankeeva, Z. A. (2023). Ways of transmıssıon of ethnocultural unıts ın the corpus. Tiltanym, 89(1), 56-66. https://doi.org/10.55491/2411-6076-2023-1-56-66 DOI: https://doi.org/10.55491/2411-6076-2023-1-56-66

Bekpenbetova, S., Kulnazarova, G., Sartayeva, K., Sartayeva, Z., & Seyitova, B. (2024). Philology students' perceptions of ethno-cultural empathy and intertextual literary heroes as role models. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 11(4), 228–252. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/2302 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/2302

*Bekzhanova, Z., & Makoelle, T. M. (2022). Latinization of the Kazakh alphabet: implications for education, inclusion, and social cohesion in Kazakhstan. SAGE Open, 12(4), 21582440221138820. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221138820 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221138820

Bimagambetova, Z., Rakhymzhanov, D., Jaxylykova, A., & Pak, A. (2023, August). Evaluating large language models for sentence augmentation in low-resource languages: A case study on Kazakh. In 2023 19th International Asian School-Seminar on Optimization Problems of Complex Systems (OPCS) (pp. 14-18). IEEE. http://doi: 10.1109/OPCS59592.2023.10275753 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/OPCS59592.2023.10275753

Bokayev, B., Moldabayeva, A., Davletbayeva, Z., Yessentemirova, A., & Torebekova, Z. (2025). Evaluating Language Competencies of Kazakhstan’s Civil Servants: A Data-Driven Analysis and Development Model. Journal Of Curriculum Studies Research, 7(1), 66-88. https://doi.org/10.46303/jcsr.2025.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46303/jcsr.2025.4

Bureau of National Statistics of Kazakhstan. (2024, April 22). Population of the Republic of Kazakhstan by gender and type of locality. https://stat.gov.kz/en/industries/social-statistics/demography/publications/157662/

*Burkhanov, A., & Sharipova, D. (2024). New narratives and old myths: History textbooks in Kazakhstan. Nationalities Papers, 52(5), 1193–1208. https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2023.64 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2023.64

*Chermukhambetov, Y., Barlybayeva, G., Nussipova, G., Imanmoldayeva, B., Madalieva, Z., & Chargynova, G. (2024). Spiritual and moral aspects of the human problem in the national consciousness of the Kazakh people. Pharos Journal of Theology, 105(5). https://doi.org/10.46222/pharosjot.105.59 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46222/pharosjot.105.59

Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. SAGE Publications.

Derni, A. (2008). The ecolinguistic paradigm: An integrationist trend in language study. The International Journal of Language Society and Culture, 24, 21–30.

Doskeyeva, G., Kuzembekova, R. A., & Junisbekova, T. A. (2024). Assessment of student satisfaction with dual education in educational programs in Kazakhstan. Economy: Strategy and Practice, 19(3), 137-150. https://doi.org/10.51176/1997-9967-2024-3-137-150 DOI: https://doi.org/10.51176/1997-9967-2024-3-137-150

Dubuisson, E. M. (2020). Poets of the people: learning to make culture in Kazakhstan. In A. Breed, E.M. Dubuisson, A. Iğmen (Eds.), Creating culture in (post) socialist Central Asia (pp.87-113). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58685-0_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58685-0_5

*Goodman, B., & Kambatyrova, A. (2022). Both necessary and irrelevant: political economy and linguistic injustice of English in higher education in Kazakhstan. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2022(277), 77–94. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2021-0074 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2021-0074

Huertas-Abril, C. A., & Shashken, A. (2021). Exploring the potential of CLIL in Kazakhstan: a qualitative study. Revista Complutense de Educación, 32(2), 261–271. https://doi.org/10.5209/rced.68345 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/rced.68345

*Ibrayeva, Z., Nabiyeva, G., Aldasheva, K., Rivers, W. P., Dossanova, A., & Bainiyeva, K. (2025). Bilingualism in Kazakhstan: linguistic challenges and error patterns in Kazakh speech. Forum for Linguistic Studies, 7(9). https://doi.org/10.30564/fls.v7i9.10484 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/fls.v7i9.10484

*Kabadaiy, O., & Sadykova, M. S. (2022). Modern and traditional Kazakh speech: comparative analysis (according to the lexico-phraseological level). Tiltanym, 87(3), 52–59. https://doi.org/10.55491/2411-6076-2022-3-52-59 DOI: https://doi.org/10.55491/2411-6076-2022-3-52-59

Kambatyrova, A. (2024). Parents' language ideologies in the context of trilingual education policy in Kazakhstan. International Journal of Multilingualism, 21(3), 1201–1217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2022.2153850

Karabassova, L. (2020). Understanding trilingual education reform in Kazakhstan: Why is it stalled?. In Education in Central Asia: A kaleidoscope of challenges and opportunities (pp. 37–51). Cham: Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50127-3_3

*Khabiyeva, A., Mamyrbek, G., & Kassymova, A. (2024). Some issues of language norms in modern Kazakh writing. Tiltanym, 3, 129–139. https://doi.org/10.55491/2411-6076-2024-3-129-139 DOI: https://doi.org/10.55491/2411-6076-2024-3-129-139

*Khassanov, G. K., Utegenova, K. T., Darisheva, T. M., Bozbayeva, A. G., Akhmetova, G., Sarkulova, D. S., & Utegenova, A. (2024). Implementing multilingual education in Kazakhstan: Students' perceptions and attitudes towards the status of English. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 14(8), 2316–2325. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1408.04 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1408.04

Köhler, T., & Stemmler, M. (1997). Normative versus ipsative configural frequency analysis in personality research—their use discussed in a reanalysis of data on situation‐bound anxiety. European Journal of Personality, 11(1), 69-79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0984(199703)11:1<69::AID-PER277>3.0.CO;2-G

*Kubieva, V., Sagiyeva, A., Sagiyeva, A., Salimgerey, Z., & Baiseitova, M. (2021). Multilingualism is a trend in the development of modern Kazakhstan. Global Journal of Sociology: Current Issues, 11(1), 40–44. https://doi.org/10.18844/gjs.v11i1.5480 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18844/gjs.v11i1.5480

*Kulmanov, S. K., Rsaliyeva, N. M., Omarova, A. D., & Eskendir, Zh. E. (2023). Semantic processes in modern Kazakh terminology. Tiltanym, 3, 85–94. https://doi.org/10.55491/2411-6076-2023-3-85-94 DOI: https://doi.org/10.55491/2411-6076-2023-3-85-94

*Kurambayev, B. (2022). News translation in a bilingual context: the case of news outlets in Kazakhstan. Media Asia, 49(3), 257–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/01296612.2022.2035150 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01296612.2022.2035150

*Kurmanbayuly, S., & Kulmanov, S. (2023). Kazakh term formation: traditional processes and modern directions of development. Bulletin of the Eurasian Humanities Institute, Philology Series, 4, 107–129. https://doi.org/10.55808/1999-4214.2023-4.08 DOI: https://doi.org/10.55808/1999-4214.2023-4.08

Kuzhabekova, A. (2019). Language use among secondary school students in Kazakhstan. Applied Linguistics Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.14744/alrj.2019.29964 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14744/alrj.2019.29964

Landau, J. M., & Kellner-Heinkele, B. (2012). Politics of language in the ex-Soviet Muslim states: Azerbaĳan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. C. Hurst & Co.

*Maralbek, Y., & Oralbai, G. (2024). Alphabet reform in Kazakhstan: History and linguistic foundations. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 24(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.17576/gema-2024-2404-01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17576/gema-2024-2404-01

Mengist, W., Soromessa, T., & Legese, G. (2020). Method for conducting systematic literature review and meta-analysis for environmental science research. MethodsX, 7, 100777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2019.100777 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2019.100777

*Meruyert, K., Gabbasovna, S. N., Suer, E., Zhumashuly, S. B., & Zhumabekovna, B. L. (2024). Sociolinguistic analysis of the problems of vulnerable and critically endangered Turkic languages in Kazakhstan. International Journal of Religion, 5(10), 3564–3577. https://doi.org/10.61707/078hwq34 DOI: https://doi.org/10.61707/078hwq34

Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.

Mussakhojayeva, S., Janaliyeva, A., Mirzakhmetov, A., Khassanov, Y., & Varol, H. A. (2021). KazakhTTS: An open-source Kazakh text-to-speech synthesis dataset. arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.08459. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2021-2124

Nurlanova, N. K., Tleuberdinova, A., & Saparbek, N. (2022). The main factors and trends of urbanization in Kazakhstan: Analysis and Recommendations. Economics: the strategy and practice, 17(1), 62-79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51176/1997-9967-2022-1-62-79

Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. SAGE Publications.

Piyazbayeva A., Abasilov A. The Language of Modern Kazakh Cinema: Sociolinguistic Issues. Tiltanym. 2025;(2):168-182. https://doi.org/10.55491/2411-6076-2025-2-168-182 DOI: https://doi.org/10.55491/2411-6076-2025-2-168-182

*Riahanov, Sh. (2021). Language policy and the problem of national identity in the modern Republic of Kazakhstan. East European Scientific Journal, 3(9(73)), 24–30. https://doi.org/10.31618/ESSA.2782-1994.2021.3.73.125 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31618/ESSA.2782-1994.2021.3.73.125

*Sadulova, Z., Karimsakova, B., Yessenova, K., Kamarova, N., Kurmanova, B., Smagulova, K., Karagulova, B., & Amangaziyeva, M. (2025). Bilingualism and multilingualism in Kazakhstan: Sociolinguistic and educational perspectives. Forum for Linguistic Studies, 7(7). https://doi.org/10.30564/fls.v7i7.10172 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/fls.v7i7.10172

Sarsenbay, Z., Salkynbay, A., Ramazanova, S., Ashirova, A., Igilikova, S., Alimtayeva, L., & Kaspikhan, B. (2023). Modern Kazakh language trends: Norms and usus features. International Journal of Society, Culture & Language, 11(3), 188-201. https://doi.org/10.22034/ijscl.2023.2006970.3096

*Serdalina, S. (2024). Evolution of Kazakh and Turkish languages in the context of the image of Korkyt Ata. Asiatic: IIUM Journal of English Language and Literature, 18(2), 87–105. https://doi.org/10.31436/asiatic.v18i2.3422 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31436/asiatic.v18i2.3422

Smagulova, K. (2023). Decolonial debates on identity within Kazakh postcolonial reality. Goethe Institut. October. Retrieved December 14, 2025, from https://www.goethe.de/resources/ files/pdf329/kamila-smagulova-v2.pdf?srsltid=AfmBOorKCEZR0XTdf-ZJ9sKi8xI2dlx5MeIpxHQXKPNqe2SYBKL2m56k

Smagulova, J. (2008). Language policies of Kazakhization and their influence on language attitudes and use. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 11(3-4), 440–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050802148798 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050802148798

Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: an overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039

Suleymanova, E., & Rakhmetova, R. (2024). The modern role of Kazakh proverbs and sayings in communication: National values and philosophical meaning. Eurasian Journal of Philology. Science and Education, 196(4), 147-169. https://doi.org/10.26577/ejph.2024.v196.i4.ph13

*Suleymanova, E., & Rakhmetova, R. (2024). The modern role of Kazakh proverbs and sayings in communication: National values and philosophical meaning. Eurasian Journal of Philology: Science and Education, 196(4). https://doi.org/10.26577/EJPh.2024.v196.i4.ph13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26577/EJPh.2024.v196.i4.ph13

*Ten, A. (2024). On language gifts: Public discourses on Kazakh and Russian in Kazakhstan. Central Asian Survey, 43(3), 346–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2024.2310585 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2024.2310585

Teubert, W. (2004). Language and corpus linguistics. In M.A.K Hailliday, W. Teubert, & A. Čermáková, Lexicology and corpus linguistics (pp. 73-112). Continuum. https:// linguisticstudentindonesia.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/lexicology-and-corpus-linguistics-open-linguistics.pdf

Tlemissov, U., Mamyrbekov, A., Kadyrov, A., Oralkanova, I., Yessenov, S., & Tlemissova, Z. (2020). Features and problems of implementation of trilingual system in the secondary school in Kazakhstan. E3S Web of Conferences, 159, 09005. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015909005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015909005

*Tlepbergen, D., Akzhigitova, A., & Zabrodskaja, A. (2022). Language-in-education policy of Kazakhstan: Post-pandemic technology enhances language learning. Education Sciences, 12(5), 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12050311 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12050311

Veitsman, Y., & Hartmann, M. (2024). Recent advancements and challenges of Turkic Central Asian Language Processing. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2407.05006

Yerlanova, A., Baratova, M., Kаdyrova, B., Orazkhanova, M., & Amrenov, A. (2025). Aitys as a cultural phenomenon: historical development and contemporary significance for Kazakhstan. Forum for Linguistic Studies, 7(3), 863–873. https://doi.org/10.30564/fls.v7i3.8596 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/fls.v7i3.8596

Yessenbayev, Z., Kozhirbayev, Z., & Makazhanov, A. (2020, September). KazNLP: A pipeline for automated processing of texts written in Kazakh language. In A. Karpov & R. Potapova (Eds.), Speech and Computer. SPECOM 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (vol 12335, pp. 657-666. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60276-5_636 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60276-5_63

*Yessenbekova, U., & Syzdykova, A. (2024). Changes in the reading culture of young people and features of Kazakh language usage in the new communication environment. Herald of Journalism, 73(3), 84–112. https://doi.org/10.26577/HJ.2024.v73.i3.8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26577/HJ.2024.v73.i3.8

Yussupova, S., & Tarman, B. (2025). Cultural Empathy and School Climate in Kazakhstan: A Factor and Cluster Analysis of Students’ Perceptions. Journal Of Curriculum Studies Research, 7(1), 47-65. https://doi.org/10.46303/jcsr.2025.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46303/jcsr.2025.3

Zhumanov, Z., & Tukeyev, U. (2021, September). Integrated technology for creating quality parallel corpora. In K. Wojtkiewicz, J. Treur, E Pimenidis, & M. Maleszka (Eds.), Advances in Computational Collective Intelligence. ICCCI 2021. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1463 (pp. 511-524). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88113-9_41 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88113-9_41

*Zhunussova, G., Tajik, M. A., Fillipova, L., & Antwi, S. K. (2023). "I am a mixed person of Kazakh, Turkish and English": Multilingual students' identity in EMI universities in Kazakhstan. System, 119, 103159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2023.103159 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2023.103159

Zhumabay, N., Varis, S., Abylkassymova, A., Balta, N., Bakytkazy, T., & Bowen, G. M. (2024). Mapping the Kazakhstani STEM Education Landscape: A Review of National Research. European Journal of STEM Education, 9(1), Article 16. https://doi.org/10.20897/ejsteme/15576 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20897/ejsteme/15576