“Nothing But a Fighter”: An Exiled Kurdish Academic’s Journey Towards Human Rights Activism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/1766Keywords:
Kurdish, ethnic identity, academic purge, Turkish-Kurdish conflict, human rights, academic freedomAbstract
This article presents an oral history of a Kurdish academic, examining how they narrate Kurdish identity under repression and how those meanings shaped their decision to escape Turkey to live in exile. The narrator was one of the participants of a dissertation on the erosion of academic freedom in Turkey and the experiences of academics in exile following the 2016 attempted coup. This article focuses on the oral history conducted as part of that project. This study can inform understandings of other stories, rather than claiming to represent all Kurds in Turkey. Therefore, I used an oral history approach to center the narrator’s testimony and analyze how they construct meaning about Kurdish identity under conditions of surveillance and risk, understanding that identity is socially constructed, interactional, performative, and situated within webs of significance. The findings offer insight into the personal dimensions of post-2016 repression in Turkey, the narrator’s account of seeking recognition of cultural and linguistic rights, and everyday mechanisms and policy dynamics that contributed to the academic purge and to academics’ decisions to live in exile.
Downloads
References
Abbas, T., & Zalta, A. (2017). “You cannot talk about academic freedom in such an oppressive environment”: Perceptions of the We Will Not Be a Party to This Crime! petition signatories. Turkish Studies, 18(4), 624–643. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2017.1343148 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2017.1343148
Aboud, F. E., & Doyle, A-B. (1993). The early development of ethnic identity and attitudes. In M. E. Bernal & G. P. Knight (Eds.), Ethnic identity: Formation and transmission among Hispanics and other minorities (pp. 47–61). State University of New York Press.
Acar, Y. G. (2018). Academics are fired, jailed, and blacklisted. Baltic Worlds, 11(4), 14–15. http://balticworlds.com/academics-are-fired-jailed-and-blacklisted/
Aktas, V., Nilsson, M., & Borell, K. (2019). Social scientists under threat: Resistance and self-censorship in Turkish academia. British Journal of Educational Studies, 67(2), 169–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2018.1502872 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2018.1502872
Aral, B. (1997). Turkey’s insecure identity from the perspective of nationalism. Mediterranean Quarterly, 8(1), 77–91.
Arpacik, D. (2019). Redefining Kurdishness in the U.S. diaspora: The experiences of Kurdish students and their parents in Nashville schools. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 6(2), 44–56. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/252 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/252
Avincan, K., Aydin, H., & Ersoy, E. (2023). ‘Us vs. them:’ Stigma, discrimination, social exclusion and human rights violations in Erdoğan’s Turkey. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 31(4), 1323–1342. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2023.2193876 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2023.2193876
Aydin, H. (2020, December 20). Status of education and minorities rights in Turkey. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2020/12/20/status-of-education-and-minorities-rights-in-turkey/
Aydin, H., & Avincan, K. (2020). Intellectual crimes and serious violations of human rights in Turkey: A narrative inquiry. The International Journal of Human Rights, 24(8), 1127–1155. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2020.1713108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2020.1713108
Aydin, H., & Avincan, K. (2021). “Am I a terrorist or an educator?” Turkish asylum seekers narratives on education rights violations after a crackdown following the 2016 failed coup attempt in Turkey. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 21(1), 78–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2021.2017264 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2021.2017264
Aydin, H., & Langley, W (2021). Introducing human rights in Turkey. In H. Aydin & W. Langley (Eds.), Human rights in Turkey: Assaults on human dignity (pp. 3–22). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57476-5_1
Aydin, H., Mehana, M., & Lobytsyna, M. (2025). From exile to empowerment: Insights into the lives of Turkish refugees in Australia. Globalisation, Societies and Education. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2025.2539846 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2025.2539846
Aydin, H., & Ozfidan, B. (2014). Perceptions on mother tongue (Kurdish) based multicultural and bilingual education in Turkey. Multicultural Education Review, 6(1), 21–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/2005615X.2014.11102906 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2005615X.2014.11102906
Baser, B., Akgönül, S., & Öztürk, A. E. (2017). “Academics for peace” in Turkey: A case of criminalising dissent and critical thought via counterterrorism policy. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 10(2), 274–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2017.1326559 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2017.1326559
Bezwan, N. (2018). Addressing the Kurdish self-determination conflict: Democratic autonomy and authoritarianism in Turkey. In E. Nimni & E. Aktoprak (Eds.), Democratic representation in plurinational states (pp. 59–82). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01108-6_4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01108-6_4
Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method. Prentice-Hall.
Bourdieu, P. (1996). The state nobility: Elite schools in the field of power (L. C. Clough, Trans.). Stanford University Press. (Original work published 1989) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503615427
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Brinkmann, S. (2017). Philosophies of qualitative research: Understanding qualitative research. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190247249.003.0006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190247249.001.0001
Butler, D. (2024, November 4). Turkey unseats Kurdish mayors in crackdown after peace proposal. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkey-replaces-pro-kurdish-mayors-with-state-officials-southeast-2024-11-04/
Carling, J., Erdal, M. B., & Ezzati, R. (2014). Beyond the insider–outsider divide in migration research. Migration Studies, 2(1), 36–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnt022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnt022
Çelik, B. (2020). Turkey’s communicative authoritarianism. Global Media and Communication, 16(1), 102–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742766519899123 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1742766519899123
Chase, S. E. (2005). Narrative inquiry: Multiple lenses, approaches, voices. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (3rd. ed., pp. 651–679). SAGE Publications.
Çırakman, A. (2011). Flags and traitors: The advance of ethno-nationalism in the Turkish self-image. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34(11), 1894–1912. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2011.556746 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2011.556746
Clark, T. (2010). Gaining and maintaining access: Exploring the mechanisms that support and challenge the relationship between gatekeepers and researchers. Qualitative Social Work, 10(4), 485–502. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325009358228 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325009358228
Cohen, D., & Kim, E. (2020). Sublimation (defense mechanism). In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences (pp. 5275–5278). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1430
Constante, K., Cross, F. L., Medina, M., & Rivas-Drake, D. (2020). Ethnic socialization, family cohesion, and ethnic identity development over time among Latinx adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49, 895–906. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01139-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01139-3
Constitute. (n.d.). Turkey’s Constitution of 1982 with amendments through 2017. Turkey’s Constitution. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Turkey_2017.pdf?lang=en
Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, December 18, 1992, https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/declaration-rights-persons-belonging-national-or-ethnic
Douglass, S., & Umaña-Taylor, A. J. (2015). Development of ethnic-racial identity among Latino adolescents and the role of family. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 41, 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2015.09.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2015.09.002
Eccarius-Kelly, V. (2019). Kurdish studies in Europe. In M. M. Gunter (Ed.), Routledge handbook on the Kurds (pp. 22–33). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315627427-3
Elias, N., & Scotson, J. L. (2000). Os estabelecidos e os outsiders: Sociologia das relações de poder a partir de uma pequena comunidade [The established and the outsiders: The sociology of power relations in a small community]. Jorge Zahar Ed.
Ergin, M. (2014). The racialization of Kurdish identity in Turkey. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 37(2), 322–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2012.729672 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2012.729672
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. Norton.
Evered, K. T. (2018). Erasing the place of dissent: Inscriptions and eliminations of Gezi Park graffiti. Area, 51(1), 155–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12439 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12439
Faltis, C. (2014). Toward a race radical vision of bilingual education for Kurdish users in Turkey: A commentary. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 1(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/10
Feldman, M. S., Bell, J., & Berger, M. T. (2003). Gaining access: A practical and theoretical guide for qualitative researchers. Altamira Press.
Fidan, F. Z. (2025). Condemnation to stigma and social death: The deprivation of employment opportunities for Decree-Law victims. Acta Neurophysiologica, 6(1), 1–8. https://academicstrive.com/ANPL/ANPL180109.pdf
Gay, G. (1978). Ethnic identity in early adolescence: Some implications for instructional reform. Educational Leadership, 35(8), 649–655.
Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures. Basic Books, Inc.
Girdap, H. (2020). Human rights, conflicts, and dislocation: The case of Turkey in a global spectrum. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 4(1), 69–84. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/8266 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/8266
Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Anchor Books.
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Simon & Schuster.
Göle, N. (2017). Undesirable public intellectuals. Globalizations, 14(6), 877–883. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2017.1362178 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2017.1362178
Golkap, A. (2015). Language and literacy practices of Kurdish children across their home and school spaces in Turkey: An ethnography of language policy [Doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University]. https://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.34925
González, R., Kanacri, B. P. L., Lickel, B., Gupta, M., Tropp, L. R., Mora, E., Tezanos-Pinto, P., Berger, C., Valdenegro, D., Cayul, O., Miranda, D., Saavedra, P., & Bernardino, M. (2017). Ethnic identity development and acculturation preferences among minority and majority youth: Norms and contact. Child Development, 88(3), 743–760. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12788 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12788
Gunes, C. (2019). The rise of the pro-Kurdish democratic movement in Turkey. In M. M. Gunter (Ed.), Routledge handbook on the Kurds (pp. 259–269). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315627427-20
Gunter, M. M. (2016). Erdoğan and the decline of Turkey. Middle East Policy, 23(4), 123–135. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12238 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12238
Gunter, M. M. (2018). Historical dictionary of the Kurds (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9798216420385
Hall, S. (2000). Quem precisa de identidade? [Who needs identity?] In T. T. da Silva (Ed.), Identidade e diferença (pp. 103–133). Vozes.
Halpern, C. (in press). The erosion of academic freedom: The experiences of exiled academics on the academic purge in Turkey [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Florida Gulf Coast University.
Halpern, C., Ward, Z. A., & Aydin, H. (2022). “I’m Brazilian, not Brazilian American”: The experiences of second-generation Brazilian adolescents preserving their heritage language and resisting assimilation. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 24(2), 132–156. https://doi.org/10.18251/ijme.v24i2.3173 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18251/ijme.v24i2.3173
Holmes, A. G. D. (2020). Researcher positionality: A consideration of its influence and place in qualitative research: A news researcher guide. International Journal of Education, 8(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.34293/education.v8i4.3232 DOI: https://doi.org/10.34293/education.v8i4.3232
Huber, J., & Whelan, K. (1999). A marginal story as a place of possibility: Negotiating self on the professional knowledge landscape. Teacher and Teacher Education, 15, 381–396. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(98)00048-1
Huguley, J. P., Wang, M., Vasquez, A. C., & Guo, J. (2019). Parental ethnic-racial socialization practices and the construction of children of color’s ethnic-racial identity: A research synthesis and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 145(5), 437–458. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000187 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000187
Human Rights Watch. (2020, February 7). Turkey: Kurdish mayors' removal violates voters' rights. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/02/07/turkey-kurdish-mayors-removal-violates-voters-rights
Human Rights Watch. (2024, November 6). Türkiye: Government removes elected opposition mayors. https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/11/07/turkiye-government-removes-elected-opposition-mayors
Içduygu, A., Romano, D., & Sirkeci, I. (1999). The ethnic question in an environment of insecurity: The Kurds in Turkey. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(6), 991–1010. https://doi.org/10.1080/014198799329215 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/014198799329215
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, December 16, 1966, https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ccpr.aspx
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, December 16, 1966, https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/cescr.aspx
Jongerden, J. (2018). Looking beyond the state: Transnational justice and the Kurdish issue in Turkey. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 41(4), 721–738. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1330486 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1330486
Kandiyoti, D., & Emanet, Z. (2017). Education as battleground: The capture of minds in Turkey. Globalizations, 14(6), 869–876. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2017.1325170 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2017.1325170
Kaya, İ., & Aydın, H. (2013). Türkiye’de anadilde eğitim sorunu: Zorluklar, deneyimler ve iki dilli eğitim modeli önerileri [The issue of mother-tongue education in Turkey: Challenges, experiences, and proposals for a bilingual education model]. UKAM Yayınları (Uluslararası Kültürel Araştırmalar Merkezi). https://lazkulturdernegi.org.tr/_img/T%C3%BCrkiye'de%20Anadilde%20E%C4%9Fitim%20Sorunu.pdf
Kaya, N. (2009). Forgotten or assimilated? Minorities in the education system of Turkey. Minority Rights Group International. https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/49bf82852.pdf
Kili, S. (1980). Kemalism in contemporary Turkey. International Political Science Review, 1(3), 381–404. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251218000100308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/019251218000100308
Kim, J.-H. (2016). Understanding narrative inquiry: The crafting and analysis of stories as research. SAGE Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071802861
Kohl, M.-A. (2021). Under construction: Performing critical identity: A short introduction. In M.-A. Kohl (Ed.), Under construction: Performing critical identity (pp. 1–8). MDPI.
Leavy, P. (2011). Oral history. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780195395099.001.0001
Leavy, P. (2014). Introduction. In P. Leavy (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of qualitative research (pp. 1–13). Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199811755.001.0001
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. SAGE Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(85)90062-8
Mateescu, D. C. (2006). Kemalism in the era of totalitarianism: A conceptual analysis. Turkish Studies, 7(2), 225–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683840600714624 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14683840600714624
McDowall, D. (2004). A modern history of the Kurds (3rd ed.). I.B. Tauris.
Mishler, E. G. (1986). Research interviewing: Context and narrative. Harvard University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674041141
Mörner, N. (2018). There is a global crisis of attacks on higher education. Baltic Worlds, 11(4), 50–51. http://balticworlds.com/there-is-a-global-crisis-of-attacks-on-higher-education/
O’Driscoll, D. (2014). Is Kurdish endangered in Turkey? A comparison between the politics of linguicide in Ireland and Turkey. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, 14(2), 270–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/sena.12093 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/sena.12093
Oran, B. (2021). Foreword. In H. Aydin & W. Langley (Eds.), Human rights in Turkey (pp. vii– xvii). Springer.
Ozfidan, B. (2014). The Basque bilingual education system: A model for a Kurdish bilingual education system in Turkey. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 5(2), 382–390. https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.5.2.382-390 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.5.2.382-390
Özkirimli, U. (2017). How to liquidate a people? Academic freedom in Turkey and beyond. Globalizations, 14(6), 851–856. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2017.1325171 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2017.1325171
Öztürk, A. E. (2018). Lack of self-confidence of the authoritarian regimes and academic freedom: The case of İştar Gözaydın from Turkey. European Political Science, 19, 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-018-0170-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-018-0170-y
Öztürk, A. E., & Taş, H. (2020). The repertoire of extraterritorial repression: Diasporas and home states. Migration Letters, 17(1), 59–69. https://doi.org/10.33182/ml.v17i1.853 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33182/ml.v17i1.853
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Phinney, J. S. (1989). Stages of ethnic identity development in minority group adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 9(1–2), 34–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431689091004
Phinney, J. S., & Ong, A. D. (2007). Conceptualization and measurement of ethnic identity: Current status and future directions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(3), 271–281. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.3.271 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.3.271
Quinn, R. (2019). Fighting to protect—and define—academic freedom. American Association of University Professors. https://www.aaup.org/article/fighting-protect%E2%80%94and-define%E2%80%94academic-freedom#.X3_WsWhKjIU
Rhodes, C. (2000). Ghostwriting research: Positioning the research in the interview text. Qualitative Inquiry, 6(4), 511–525. https://doi.org/10.1177/107780040000600406 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/107780040000600406
Riessman, C. K. (1993). Narrative analysis. SAGE Publications.
Rivas-Drake, D., Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Schaefer, D. R., & Medina, M. (2017). Ethnic‐racial identity and friendships in early adolescence. Child Development, 88(3), 710–724. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12790 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12790
Romano, D. (2006). The Kurdish nationalist movement: Opportunity, mobilization and identity. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511616440
Saldaña, J. (2016). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Schenkkan, N., & Linzer, I. (2021, February). Out of sight, not out of reach: The global scale and scope of transnational repression. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/report/transnational-repression/turkey
Scholars at Risk. (2024). Free to think: Report of the Scholars at Risk Academic Freedom Monitoring Project. https://www.scholarsatrisk.org/resources/free-to-think-2024/
Scholars at Risk. (2025). Free to think: Report of the Scholars at Risk Academic Freedom Monitoring Project. https://www.scholarsatrisk.org/resources/free-to-think-2025/
Seidman, I. (2019). Interviewing as qualitative research: A guide for researchers in education and the social sciences (5th ed.). Teachers College Press.
Skutnabb-Kangas, T. (1994). Mother tongue maintenance: The debate: Linguistic human rights and minority education. TESOL Quarterly, 28(3), 625–628. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3587314 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3587314
Skutnabb-Kangas, T. (2008). Kurds in Turkey and in (Iraqi) Kurdistan: A comparison of Kurdish educational language policy in two situations of occupation. Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 3(1), 43–73. https://doi.org/10.3138/gsp.3.1.43 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/gsp.2011.0045
Stockemer, D., & Kim, M. (2020). Introduction: Academic freedom in danger: Case studies of Turkey, Hungary and Japan. European Political Science, 19, 65–67. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-018-0172-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-018-0172-9
Tekdemir, O., Toivanen, M., & Baser, B. (2018). Peace profile: Academics for Peace in Turkey. Peace Review, 30(1), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2017.1419968 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2017.1419968
Thompson, P. (2017). The voice of the past: Oral history (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Thomson, A. (2006). Four paradigm transformations in oral history. The Oral History Review, 34(1), 49–70. https://doi.org/10.1525/ohr.2007.34.1.49 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/ohr.2007.34.1.49
Turkey Purge (2022, January 26). Turkey’s post-coup crackdown. https://turkeypurge.com/
Turtuk, E., & Phillips, T. (2021). Non-discrimination, minority rights and self-determination: Turkey’s post-coup state of emergency and the position of Turkey’s Kurds. In H. Aydin & W. Langley (Eds.), Human rights in Turkey: Assaults on human dignity (pp. 109–130). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57476-5_5
Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Quintana, S., Lee, R. M., Cross, W. E. Jr., Rivas-Drake, D., Schwartz, S. J., Syed, M., Yip, T., & Seaton, E. (2014). Ethnic and racial identity during adolescence and into young adulthood: An integrated conceptualization. Child Development, 85(1), 21–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12196 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12196
UNESCO Convention Against Discrimination in Education (1960), https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/convention-against-discrimination-education
United Nations News (2017, March 10). Turkey: UN report details allegations of serious rights violations in country’s southeast. https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/03/553062-turkey-un-report-details-allegations-serious-rights-violations-countrys
United Nations News (2018, March 20). Turkey’s 18-month state of emergency has led to profound human rights violations—UN Report. https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/03/1005442
Ugurlu, O. (2014). Identity formation and community organization among Kurdish diaspora in London. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 1(1), 22–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/12
Velho, G. (1978). Observando o familiar [Observing the familiar]. In E. Nunes (Org.), A aventura sociológica: Objetividade, paixão, improviso e método na pesquisa social (pp. 36–46). Zahar.
Wahab, A. (2019). Kurdish-Canadian identity and the intricacies of acculturation. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 6(2), 94–104. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/260 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/260
Watmough, S. P., & Öztürk, A. E. (2018). From ‘diaspora by design’ to transnational political exile: The Gülen Movement in transition. Politics, Religion & Ideology, 19(1), 33–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2018.1453254 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2018.1453254
Yarkin, G. (2020). Fighting racism in Turkey: Kurdish homeownership as an anti-racist practice. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 43(15), 2705–2723. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2019.1685116 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2019.1685116
Yeğen, M. (1996). The Turkish state discourse and the exclusion of Kurdish identity. Middle Eastern Studies, 32(2), 216–229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00263209608701112
Yeğen, M. (1999). The Kurdish question in Turkish state discourse. Journal of Contemporary History, 34(4), 555–568. https://www.jstor.org/stable/261251
Yeğen, M. (2007). Turkish nationalism and the Kurdish question. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30(1), 119–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870601006603 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870601006603
Zeydanlioğlu, W. (2012). Turkey’s Kurdish language policy. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2012(217), 99–125. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2012-0051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2012-0051
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Clarisse Halpern

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.